The Ethiopian wolf, or Abyssinian wolf, is a species endemic to Ethiopia. Usually, it is a strictly carnivorous predator, however, scientists have been able to observe it allowing itself a few sweet treats. It actually comes to lick the flowers of a certain plant in its environment, thus contributing to the dispersion of its pollen. It is therefore the first large carnivore showing a pollination action. These observations were published in the journal Ecology.
The Ethiopian wolf, a species in danger of extinction
The Ethiopian wolf is the third rarest canid in the world. It is endemic to the Ethiopian highlands, which are approximately 3000 meters above sea level. It is estimated that there are only 500 individuals in the wild, mostly concentrated in the Balé Mountains National Park. In view of this very low number, it is classified as an “endangered species” by the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature).
From its little Latin name, Canis simensisthe Ethiopian wolf can be recognized by its slender body and flamboyant fur. Built for endurance, this carnivore has high legs, very useful for roaming the meadows. It measures approximately 60 cm at the withers and weighs on average 15 kg. It is therefore smaller and lighter than its cousin the gray wolf. The latter actually measures around 70-80 cm, for a weight of up to 70 kg.
The Ethiopian wolf is particularly recognizable thanks to its tawny-tinted coat. Its throat, the front of its legs, and the base of its tail are covered in white. Its muzzle is characteristic of wolves: long, sharp, with a very powerful sense of smell.
Like most of its other wolf cousins, Canis simensis lives in packs, in family and territorial groups. Packs generally consist of 6 to 15 individuals led by a dominant pair.
They are carnivorous animals which mainly feed on rodents, the giant mole rat seeming to be their favorite delicacy.
If the Ethiopian wolf is in danger of extinction, it is mainly due to human activities. As population growth is significant in Ethiopia, more and more territory is requisitioned for agriculture and extensive livestock breeding. This is therefore to the detriment of the wolf's environment, which sees its territories increasingly fragmented.
Populations then find themselves isolated, which is problematic from a genetic point of view. Animals meet less often and therefore exchange fewer genes. The rate of inbreeding then increases, making wolves more susceptible to environmental changes and disease.
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A gourmet… fond of pollen!
The Ethiopian wolf is the first large carnivore observed exhibiting pollinator behavior.
Credit: Adrien Lesaffre
Although the Ethiopian wolf is a strict carnivore, it still seems to enjoy the little pleasures in life.
The scientists were thus able to observe several individuals licking flowers. They had already noted an occasional penchant of these animals for sugar. They wanted to know more and so followed 6 different wolves, from several packs, for 4 days.
The wolves' choice mainly fell on a particular flower, Kniphofia foliosa. This plant, which is also called “Satan’s brand”, is also endemic to the Balé massif in Ethiopia. Its flowers are particularly spectacular. They form a sort of lance, ending in a cylinder plume, from which hang tubular flowers in bright colors, ranging from yellow to pink, including white or red.
Satan's firebrands produce a large quantity of nectar, which is highly appreciated by many pollinators. It is indeed common to see birds and insects foraging on flowers. But also, the famous Ethiopian wolf!
Humans also enjoy this nectar, as scientists have observed shepherd children licking the flowers. Tested by the scientists themselves, the nectar appears pleasantly sweet.
During their observations, scientists found that a wolf could lick 30 flowers in a single pass. Its white snout then turned yellow due to the accumulation of pollen. This behavior is not accidental since it is observed in several individuals. It could therefore be transmitted through social learning.
Through this behavior, the animal therefore participates in the propagation of pollen from one flower to another, which is essential for pollination. This is the first example of a large carnivorous pollinator.
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The Ethiopian wolf, pollinator of Satan's firebrand
This endangered carnivore joins a small group of non-flying mammals and plant pollinators. This is called therophily, i.e. pollination by non-flying mammals. Among the actors of this biological action, we find in particular rodents, primates and even honey opossums.
Flowers that rely on pollination by mammals have some peculiarities. They must be robust and have special adaptations. Satan's brand is no exception. Its flower clusters grow on a stem that can reach one meter.
On Earth, nearly 90% of flowering plants rely on animals for pollination. These results suggest that the role of lesser-known pollinators, such as the Ethiopian wolf, may be more important than previously imagined.
Scientists thus wish to confirm whether pollination has actually taken place. They also want to observe whether there is evidence of co-evolution between the Ethiopian wolf and Satan's firebrand.
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With an unwavering passion for local news, Christopher leads our editorial team with integrity and dedication. With over 20 years’ experience, he is the backbone of Wouldsayso, ensuring that we stay true to our mission to inform.
