Archaeologists Discover 3,500-Year-Old “Book of the Dead” in Egyptian Cemetery

[Article déjà publié le 4 novembre 2023]

Egypt, rich in its centuries-old history, never ceases to surprise the world with its archaeological discoveries. Recently, archaeologists unearthed an exceptional papyrus, known as the “Book of the Dead,” within a 3,500-year-old cemetery at Tuna al-Gebel in central Egypt. It is filled with spells intended to guide the deceased into the afterlife. This scroll offers new insight into the beliefs and funerary practices of ancient Egypt. It was revealed as part of a presentation of the latest archaeological discoveries from the cemetery, and relayed by the Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities in a press release dated October 15.

Tuna al-Gebel: A mirror of Egyptian grandeur hiding a “Book of the Dead”

Tuna al-Gebel is an archaeological site, testifying to the New Kingdom, which extended from 1550 to 1070 BCE. During this period, Egypt experienced unprecedented growth, politically, economically, culturally and religiously. The pharaohs of this era, such as Ramses II or Hatshepsut, left an indelible mark. They erected grandiose monuments and developed complex funeral rites.

The recent discovery of a cemetery in Tuna al-Gebel testifies to this cultural richness. Archaeologists have discovered a variety of objects and remains there that offer insight into the beliefs and practices of the time. The “Book of the Dead”, a papyrus decorated with magical formulas and spells, is the most striking example.

But Tuna al-Gebel is not limited to this papyrus. The site also revealed mummies in an excellent state of preservation, testifying to the advanced skills of Egyptian embalmers. Sarcophagi, often decorated with detailed scenes and hieroglyphics, reflect the status and beliefs of the deceased.

The “Book of the Dead”: A Guide to Eternity

This papyrus, of a scale rarely equaled (between 13.1 and 14.9 meters) is a precious testimony to the beliefs of the Egyptians. Its name evokes the end of life. But it could be more aptly translated as “Book of Coming Out to Daylight”. It symbolizes the rebirth in the light of eternal day of the soul of the deceased.

This document actually brings together a series of ritual texts, incantations and magical formulas. Each formula had a specific function, guiding the soul of the deceased through the different stages of the afterlife.

You should know that each “Book of the Dead” was unique, adapted to the needs and desires of the deceased. Certain chapters were chosen based on the deceased's life, their achievements or their fears about the afterlife. These texts were often carefully inscribed on the papyrus by specialized scribes. The document was then placed with the deceased, often close to their heart, to accompany them on their journey to eternity.

Many copies of this text have been discovered over the years. Indeed, it is quite common to find fragments or copies of this book in various collections or museums. However, coming across a copy still in its original tomb, placed thousands of years ago, is exceptional. This provides a unique perspective on burial rites and how Egyptians viewed death and the afterlife.

A “Book of the Dead” that guided high-ranking mummies

The Tuna al-Gebel cemetery has revealed mummies that bear witness to the social and religious hierarchy of ancient Egypt. Among these mummies, some clearly belonged to high-ranking individuals. One of the most notable is the one who would be identified as Djehuty's daughter. Djehuty, high priest of the god Amon, held a prestigious position in Egyptian society, serving the god associated with the sun and creation.

The discovery of the mummy of a singer from the Temple of Amun is also remarkable. These singers played an essential role in religious rituals, using music to worship and appease the gods.

A coffin is opened during a press conference, revealing a mummy. © Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

The presence of stone sarcophagi, enveloping the wooden coffins, testifies to the desire to ensure maximum protection for the body of the deceased. They thus guaranteed its preservation for eternity. Often decorated with hieroglyphics and images of the gods, they were a means of communication with the world of deities.

Funerary objects to complete the “Book of the Dead”

In addition to the mummies, the site revealed a range of funerary objects. They offer insight into burial rituals and beliefs associated with death and the afterlife. The finely carved alabaster canopics are particularly significant. These jars were essential in the mummification process. They were used to preserve the vital organs of the deceased, such as the heart, lungs, liver and intestines. The Egyptians placed each organ in a dedicated jar, often associated with a protective deity.

These newly discovered canopic containers contained organs of the deceased. © Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

In addition, the site was full of amulets, small figurines or objects worn for their protective power. The Egyptians often placed these amulets between the wrappings of mummies to ensure protection and goodwill in the afterlife. The “shabti” figurines were designed as servants for the deceased. According to belief, they came to life in the afterlife to carry out chores in place of the deceased. They thus assured him eternal rest without hassle.

Shabti figurines (also called Ushabti). © Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities

These discoveries are exceptional. The ministry has released little information about the scroll. The eagerly awaited official release will provide these details. It will allow Egyptologists to determine the exact importance of this papyrus.

Source: Egyptian Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities